Vaccine FAQs

Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way to protect people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body’s natural defences to build resistance to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.

Vaccines train your immune system to create antibodies, just as it does when it is exposed to a disease. When you get a vaccine, your immune system responds. It:

• recognises the invading germ, such as the virus or bacteria
• produces antibodies. Antibodies are proteins produced naturally by the immune system to fight disease
• remembers the disease and how to fight it. If you are then exposed to the germ in the future, your immune system can quickly destroy it before you become unwell.

However, because vaccines contain only killed or weakened forms of germs like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put you at risk of its complications.

Most vaccines are given by an injection, but some are given orally (by mouth) or sprayed into the nose.

Vaccination is a safe and effective way to prevent disease and save lives. When we get vaccinated, we do not just protecting ourselves, but also those around us. Some people, like those who are seriously ill, are advised not to get certain vaccines – so they depend on the rest of us to get vaccinated and help reduce the spread of disease.

When a person gets vaccinated against a disease, their risk of infection is also reduced – so they are far less likely to spread the disease to others. As more people in a community get vaccinated, fewer people remain vulnerable, and there is less possibility for passing the germ on from person to person. Lowering the possibility for a germ to circulate in the community protects those who cannot be vaccinated due to other serious health conditions from the disease targeted by the vaccine. This is called “herd immunity.”

“Herd immunity” exists when a high percentage of the population is vaccinated, making it difficult for infectious diseases to spread, because there are not many people who can be infected. But herd immunity only works if most people are vaccinated.

Two key reasons to get vaccinated are to protect ourselves and to protect those around us. Because not everyone can be vaccinated – including very young babies, those who are seriously ill or have certain allergies – they depend on others being vaccinated to ensure they are also safe from vaccine-preventable diseases.

Yes. There are COVID-19 vaccines that certain countries’ regulatory authorities have approved for them to use and many more COVID-19 vaccines that are currently being developed.

Once vaccines are demonstrated to be safe and effective, they must be approved by national regulators, manufactured to exacting standards, and distributed. The World Health Organization (WHO) is working with partners around the world to help ensure equal access to safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines for the billions of people who will need them.

The first COVID-19 vaccines are beginning to be introduced in countries. Before COVID-19 vaccines can be delivered:

• the vaccines must be proven safe and effective in large clinical trials
• a series of independent reviews of the efficacy and safety evidence must be done, including regulatory review and approval in the country where the vaccine is manufactured, before WHO considers a vaccine product
• in addition to review of the data for regulatory purposes, the evidence must also be reviewed for the purpose of policy recommendations on how the vaccines should be used
• an external panel of experts convened by WHO, called the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE), analyses the results from clinical trials, along with evidence on the disease, age groups affected, risk factors for disease, and other information. The panel then recommends whether and how the vaccines should be used
• officials in individual countries decide whether to approve the vaccines for use in their country and develop policies for how to use the vaccines based on the WHO recommendations
• the vaccines must be manufactured in large quantities, which is a major and unprecedented challenge – all the while continuing to produce all the other important life-saving vaccines already in use
• as a final step, all approved vaccines will require distribution through a complex logistical process, with rigorous stock management and temperature control

The impact of COVID-19 vaccines on the pandemic will depend on several factors. These include factors such as the effectiveness of the vaccines; how quickly they are approved, manufactured, and delivered; and how many people get vaccinated.

Most scientists anticipate that, like most other vaccines, COVID-19 vaccines will not be 100 per cent effective. The WHO is working to help ensure that any approved vaccines are as effective as possible, so they can have the greatest impact on the pandemic.

It is too early to know if COVID-19 vaccines will provide long-term protection. Additional research is needed to answer this question. However, it is encouraging that available data suggest that most people who recover from COVID-19 develop an immune response that provides at least some period of protection against reinfection – although we are still learning how strong this protection is, and how long it lasts.

Most COVID-19 vaccines being tested or reviewed now will need two doses.

A global alliance known as COVAX (which South Africa is part of) is working to speed up the development and manufacturing of COVID-19 vaccines and ensure that there is fair and equal access to these vaccines for all countries. COVAX will allocate vaccines across countries according to a framework developed by a group that includes ethicists, scientists, and other health experts and vetted by WHO’s Member States.

COVAX is a global alliance bringing together governments, global health organisations, manufacturers, scientists, the private sector, civil society and philanthropy, with the aim of providing innovative and equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines. This will ensure that people in all corners of the world will get access to COVID- 19 vaccines once they are available, regardless of their wealth.

Once any of the COVAX vaccines have successfully undergone clinical trials and are proved to be both safe and effective, and have received regulatory approval, available doses will be allocated to all participating countries at the same rate, proportional to their total population size.

No country will receive enough doses to vaccinate more than 20 per cent of its population until all countries in the COVAX group have been offered this amount.

Yes. In his address to the nation on Monday, 14 December 2020, President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that South Africa is set to receive initial vaccines from the COVAX facility to cover 10 per cent of our population in the early part of 2021.

The COVAX Facility offered self-financing countries two different options to participate in. In the “committed purchase” option, participating countries make a lower upfront payment, but need to make firm guarantees to procure doses from the facility without the option to opt-out of specific candidates. In the “optional purchase” option, participating countries make a larger upfront payment, but can opt-out of vaccine allocations while they still reserve the option for later vaccines.

In order to gain access to vaccines rapidly, South Africa agreed to participate in the “committed purchase” option of the COVAX Facility to vaccinate at least 10 per cent of South Africa’s population.

In addition to the COVAX vaccine, South Africa is also part of the African Vaccine Acquisition Task Team that is looking at alternative financing mechanisms to secure additional vaccines for African countries beyond COVAX.

The first vaccines that South Africa will receive can vaccinate 10 per cent (roughly six million people) of the population. The country’s membership in the COVAX facility ensures that South Africa receives its equitable share of the vaccines as it becomes available.

The WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) has provided recommendations about which populations within a country should be prioritised first. These include frontline healthcare workers at high risk of infection, older adults, and those people at high risk of death because of underlying conditions like heart disease and diabetes. In the second phase of the roll-out, as more doses are produced, vaccines should go to groups less at risk of being infected of suffering badly.

Our rollout strategy includes testing each vaccine. We thank the efforts of our scientists in working with government to ensure the safety of all vaccines.

The AstraZeneca vaccine is safe and effective, and is being used all over the world. For South Africa, however it was shown that it is less effective against the 501Y.V2 variant for people who are mildly ill. The 501Y.V2 variant is currently the dominant variant in the country. However, the AstraZeneca vaccine is still effective in protecting people against severe Covid-19 symptoms, hospitalisation and death caused by the 501Y.V2

The Johnson & Johnson trial has shown that its vaccine has proved effective against the 501.V2 Variant. Early results from Moderna also suggest its vaccine is effective against this variant. The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is being tested to confirm that it protects against the new variants and early results from the trials are positive.

Developers of this vaccine have said that they are likely to introduce a modified version against the variant known as 501.V2 or B.1.351, later this year. Scientists will now discuss amongst themselves and they will advise us how the vaccine will be used.

It is important to note that the virus has mutated numerous times, and will continue to do so, as many other viruses do. Vaccine developers have the ability to redesign and tweak existing vaccines to better combat new variants in a matter of weeks or months if necessary, as they learn more about how the virus mutates.

All countries in the world are urgently awaiting lifesaving vaccines.

All vaccines were developed on the basis of the original SARS-COV-2 variant that was prevalent throughout the world. The vaccine, developed by AstraZeneca and Oxford University showed promise, and in clinical trials conducted in South Africa, people who received the vaccine were 75 per cent less likely to develop mild to moderate cases of COVID-19 than were people who received a placebo.

The South African government has sought to acquire vaccines from a number of sources, including the global COVAX initiative. However, the government’s process of procuring vaccines was already underway before the 501Y.V2 variant and other variants were discovered.  Before the efficacy results, South Africa could not delay receipt of the vaccine batches to await the results of the efficacy studies by our scientists, as this would have relegated the country to the back of the line for vaccines due to global shortage of supplies.

It is important to note that the vaccines we acquired have not yet expired. In addition, the Department of Health, in the original vaccination plan, had planned the first phase of the AstraZeneca vaccine roll-out, to have been completed before the expiry date. 

The April expiry date was confirmed through the implementation of our quality assurance and control protocols.

Although it has been found that the AstraZeneca vaccine does not work against mild and moderate illness, it could still offer protection against serious illness, hospitalisation or death. We will therefore be exploring all possible avenues before deciding on the appropriate course of action.

All countries pre-ordered vaccines as there is a global shortage of doses. Therefore, when doses were available for South Africa, we needed to proceed. However, our scientists started checking the efficacy of available vaccines immediately when they discovered the prevalence of the 501.V2 variant. This process is a laborious and detailed, and unfortunately was only completed when the country had already taken delivery of the first batch.

South Africa, along with the rest of the world finds itself in unchartered waters.  Every moment is precious if we are to save lives and preserve our way of life. We will continue to explore all avenues to access lifesaving vaccines that are both safe and effective.

Our scientists will continue with further deliberations on the AstraZeneca vaccine use in South Africa, and depending on their advice, the vaccine will be swapped before the expiry date. By exchanging unused vaccines before the expiry date, the Department of Heath will ensure that the acquired AstraZeneca vaccines do not become wasteful and fruitless expenditure.

Vaccines undergo rigorous testing for safety and efficacy, based on trial data from thousands of participants across the globe. Several national and international regulatory agencies have closely examined the COVID-19 vaccines for safety and effectiveness.

In South Africa we have an additional layer of safety. The SA Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA) looks at all the scientific data to ensure the vaccine is safe, effective, and a quality product.

Additionally because COVID-19 vaccines were developed speedily, all regulators globally have put extra mechanisms in place to monitor them.